人的記憶力會隨著歲月的流逝而衰退，寫作可以彌補記憶的不足，將曾經(jīng)的人生經(jīng)歷和感悟記錄下來，也便于保存一份美好的回憶。范文書寫有哪些要求呢？我們怎樣才能寫好一篇范文呢？下面是小編為大家收集的優(yōu)秀范文，供大家參考借鑒，希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。

專業(yè)英語翻譯方法與技巧 專業(yè)英語如何翻譯篇一

2. 過去分詞的語法作用： 過去分詞一方面具有動詞的性質(zhì)，另一方面也相當于一個形容詞或副詞，在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補足語。

1) 過去分詞作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)。如：

(資料圖片僅供參考)

(1）感到。。。。。。的，指人時常用過去分詞作表語；

(2）表示完成的或被動的動作常用過去分詞作表語；

(3)seated/dressed,hurt/injuried/wounded;destroyed/damaged;polluted/broken/lost/gone/lef/based固定用過去分詞作表語；

(4）get+過去分詞作表語（get paid/changed/drunk/burnt/lost/hurt/injurieed/criticized/drowned）。例如：

1）i’m very interested in the intersting story, so will read it again.

2)we can’t drink boiling water , but we can drink boiled water.

3)polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.

4)cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(nmet)

5)he is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜歡那禮服的式樣。

2) 過去分詞做定語：單個的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞的前面，相當于一個定語從句。1）感到。。。。。。的，指人時常用過去分詞作定語2）表示完成的或被動的動作常用過去分詞作定語；3）過去分詞常用表示臉部或表情的名詞前作定語(face/eyes/appearance/expression)；4）seated/dressed,hurt/injuried/wounded;destroyed/damaged;polluted/broken/lost/gone/left/crowded/married/known固定用過去分詞作定語。例如：

1)i found a lot of moved students, who were deeply moved by the moving film.

2)china is still a developing country while japan is already a developed country.

3)the astonished expression on his face suggested that he know nothing about the matter.

4)the seated students suddenly found all the seats were broken ones.

5)we need more qualified teachers. 我們需要更多合格的教師。

過去分詞短語作定語通常放在被修飾的詞后面，相當于一個定語從句。如：

is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活動嗎？

the suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.

過去分詞作定語也可用作非限制性定語，前后用逗號隔開。如：

the books, written by lu xun, are popular with many chinese people.

the meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.

3) 過去分詞做狀語：過去分詞和-ing分詞作狀語一樣，也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。

① 表時間，相當于一個時間狀語從句，有時過去分詞前可加連詞when或while來強調(diào)時間概念。如：seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.

accepted by the party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the party.

②表原因，相當于一個原因狀語從句。如：

deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.

encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.

③表條件，相當于一個條件狀語從句，有時過去分詞前可用if等詞。如：

given another chance, he will do better.再給他一次機會，他會做得更好。

compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study english.

if heated, water can be turned into steam.水如果被加熱，會變成水蒸氣。

④表讓步，相當于一個though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。如：exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個強盜。

laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。

⑤表方式或伴隨情況。如：the old man went into the room, supported by his wife.

seated at the table, my father and i were talking about my job.

4) 過去分詞作補足語：過去分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等詞后與一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，用作賓語補語。如：when will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么時候去醫(yī)院檢查你的牙齒？

when you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.

當這類句子變成被動語態(tài)時，過去分詞用作主語補語。如：

one of the glasses was found broken. 有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個杯子破了。

they should be kept informed of the situation there. 應(yīng)該讓他們知道那兒的形勢。

1. 過去分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語一般必須和句子的主語相一致。如：

when asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.當那男孩被問到為何來這里時他沉默不語。

born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.由于在農(nóng)村出生并長大，他對生物很感興趣。

如果過去分詞的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致，必須使用過去分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

2. 動詞have后所接的三種賓語補語：have somebody/something do something 不定式作補語必須省去to, 不定式動作由賓語發(fā)出，表示一次性的動作。如：

i had the workers do the job for me. 我讓工人們替我完成了工作。

jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆經(jīng)常讓他的父親幫助做家庭作業(yè)。

have somebody /something doing something -ing分詞作補語，分詞動作也由賓語發(fā)出，強調(diào)動作的延續(xù)或正在進行。如：they had the tractor working all the time. 他們讓拖拉機一直工作著。

we won’t have the child talking to his mother like that.我們不能讓那孩子那樣對他的媽媽說話。

have somebody/something done 過去分詞作補語，賓語和補足語之間有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系，通常有兩種情況：

①主語讓別人做某事，強調(diào)主語的意志。如：he had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理發(fā)了。

②主語遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環(huán)境，說明賓語的一種無意識的被動行為。如：

he had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。

3. 非謂語動詞的被動式作定語的三種形式：

the bridge to be built 將要建造的橋 （表示將來的動作）

the bridge being built 正在建造的橋 （表示正在進行的動作）

the bridge built 造好的橋 （表示完成的動作）

4. 過去分詞和–ing分詞作表語的區(qū)別：過去分詞作表語通常表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或感受，而-ing分詞作表語多表示主語所具有的特征，如：hearing the news, we felt very surprised.

the news is very surprising. 這個消息很令人驚訝。

they were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕。

at the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.

英語中這樣的分詞還有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。

5. 過去分詞和–ing分詞作定語的區(qū)別：過去分詞作定語和-ing分詞作定語有一定的區(qū)別。試比較下面幾組短語：boiled water開水 boiling water正沸騰的水developed countries發(fā)展的國家 developing countries發(fā)展中國家fallen leaves落葉 falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子

changed condition改變了的情況 changing condition變化著的情況

由此可見，過去分詞作定語通常表示完成的或被動的動作；而-ing分詞作定語可以表示正在進行的主動的動作。

6．用分詞短語作狀語時，還應(yīng)注意在句子主語和分詞短語之間不能使用并列連詞。如：

［誤］not knowing what to do，so she asked her friends for advice．

［正］not knowing what to do，she asked her friends for advice．

7、如果分詞的邏輯主語和主句的主語不是同一個人或物時，就要用從句或獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)代替分詞短語作狀語。如： as it was sunday，the streets were especially crowded． 或：it being sunday，the streets were especially crowded．

8、同學(xué)們還要注意某些現(xiàn)在分詞可用來表示說話人對所說的話所持的看法或態(tài)度，它們已變成固定詞組，在句中作獨立成分，與句子主語無關(guān)。這類現(xiàn)在分詞常見的有：

generally speaking（一般地說），strictly speaking（嚴格地說），judging from ／by．．．（從……來判斷），talking of．．．（說到……），considering．．．（考慮到……），supposing．．．（假定……）等。如：

generally speaking，it is not easy for a for eigner to learn chinese well in a short time．

considering everything，it wasnt abad holiday．

8、分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)和句子主語相一致。分詞與主語之間如果是主動關(guān)系，就用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果是被動關(guān)系，則用過去分詞。例如：

主動時態(tài) 被動時態(tài)

一般時態(tài) doing done（被動的動作）

進行時態(tài) doing being done（正在進行的被動動作）

完成時態(tài) having done done/having been done（已經(jīng)完成的被動動作）

hearing the good news，we couldnt help jumping with joy．（＝when we heard the good news，we couldnt help jumping with joy．）

seen from the hills，the west lake is very beautiful．（＝the west lake is very beautiful when it is seen from the hills．）

過去分詞作賓語補足語(the past participle as theobject complement)

作賓語補足語：1）感到。。。。。。的，指人時常用過去分詞作賓補；2）表示完成的或被動的動作常用過去分詞作賓補；3）left/lost/gone/missing /seated/dressed, hurt/injuried/wounded;destroyed/damaged; polluted/broken/lost/gone/lef/based固定用過去分詞作賓補?？梢詭н^去分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有：

, hear, find ,feel, think, 等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞

1）he found his hometown greatly changed when he came back from abroad.

2）every thought the match lost 3）.he once heard the song sung in german

4）frnk lloyd wright found himself inspired by japanese seashells.

2. make/have/get+sth.+過去分詞作賓補，說明賓補的動作不是由主語而是由他人來完成；

1) he’s going to have his hair cut. 2)she had her foot injured in the fall.

3)when you talk, you have to at least make yourself understood.

4)please keep us informed of the latest developments. ( 請讓我們了解最新的發(fā)展情況。)

3.表示“希望” “要求”等意義的動詞：

1） he won’t like such questions (to be ) discussed at the meeting .

2） i want this letter (to be ) typed now. 3）they ordered the film banned.（禁演）

［

專業(yè)英語翻譯方法與技巧 專業(yè)英語如何翻譯篇二

湖南隆回一中 羅玉南

定語從句（1）--關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

1）who, whom, that

這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：

is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）

he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）

2) whose

用來指人或物，(只用作定語， 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：

they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。 please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。

3)which, that

它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：

a prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作賓語）

the package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語）

定語從句（2）--關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。

1）when, where, why關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和“介詞+ which”結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：

there are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。

beijing is the place where (in which) i was born.北京是我的出生地。

is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？

2）that代替關(guān)系副詞

that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和“介詞+ which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略，例如：

his father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。

he is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。

定語從句（3）--判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞

方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：

this is the mountain village where i stayed last year.

ill never forget the days when i worked together with you.

判斷改錯（注：先顯示題，再顯示答案，橫線；用不同的顏色表示出。）

（錯） this is the mountain village where i visited last year.

（錯） i will never forget the days when i spent in the countryside.

（對） this is the mountain village (which) i visited last year.

（對） ill never forget the days (which) i spent in the countryside.

習(xí)慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。

方法二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。

例1. is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

a. where鶥。 that c. on which d. the one

例2. is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

a. where鶥。 that c. on which鶧。 the one

答案：例1 d，例2 a

例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?this museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?this is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選d。

而句2中， 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選a。

關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語)。

定語從句(4)---限制性和非限制性定語從句

1)定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，例如：

this is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性）

the house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）

2)當先行詞是專有名詞或具有唯一性的名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如：

charles smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。

my house, which i bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。

this novel, which i have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。 3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞， 對其進行修飾， 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：

he seems not to have grasped what i meant, which greatly upsets me.

他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。

liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。 說明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

非限制性定語從句與高考試題

我們在學(xué)習(xí)英語時，常常遇到非限制性定語從句。下面結(jié)合高考試題談?wù)剬W(xué)習(xí)運用非限制性定語從句時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題。

不能用來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句煩

[考例1]燬he heard the terrible noise, ＿＿＿＿ brought her heart into her mouth．(met’91)牘鶤．it b．which鶦．this鶧．that煩

[簡析]犙b。后半句為非限制性定語從句，不用that而用which來引導(dǎo)。which指代noise，在從句中作主語。

2.除which外，還可用when焪here焪hose焪hom等引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，且各自的用法及差異與它們用在限制性定語從句時相同。如：

next month, when you’ll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching．

下個月即將來臨，屆時你們將在家鄉(xiāng)度暑假。（關(guān)系副詞when指代表示時間的名詞next month，并作從句的狀語。）

she is going to live in macao, where she has some close friends．

她要到澳門去居住，在那里她有幾個密友。（關(guān)系副詞where指代表示地點的名詞macao，并在從句中作狀語。）

[考例2]燫ecently i bought an ancient chinese vase, ＿＿was very reasonable.(上海2000)a．which price b．the price of which c．its price d．the price of whose

[簡析]犙b。whose在從句中作表示所屬關(guān)系的定語，既可指代人，也可指代物。指物時，常可轉(zhuǎn)換為of which；指人時?？赊D(zhuǎn)換為of whom。

[考例3]營n the office i never seem to have time until after 5:30 p．m．, ＿＿＿＿ many people have gone home．

a．whose time b．that c．on which d．by which time(上?！?5)牑

[簡析]犗刃寫5:30 p．m．與time之間是一種同位關(guān)系，可用which來作定語替代。從句中的完成狀態(tài)，常與by短語連用，故選d。

3.在非限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。如：

he was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved as his own mother．

他迫切地想到醫(yī)院去看望他繼母，他把繼母當自己的親媽媽一樣愛戴。

4.非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞which，既可以指代前面的先行詞，也可以指代前面整句的含義。

[考例4]燚orothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ＿＿＿＿ of course,焟ade the others unhappy．

a．who鶥．which鶦．this鶧．what煩(nmet 2000)牑煩

[簡析] 選b。指代“dorothy總是高度評價自己在那場戲中所擔(dān)任的角色”整個事件。

[考例5]燙arol said the work would be done by october, ＿＿＿＿ personally i doubt very much．鶤．it b．that c．when d．which煩 （nmet’99）牑煩

[簡析]牨硎臼奔淶拿詞october，用“我個人非常懷疑”來修飾，意思不通。應(yīng)該修飾整個主句，表示對“carol說在十月前能作好這項工作”懷疑。故選d。

5.修飾先行主句時as和which的差異從句置于句首時，非限制性定語從句只能用as引導(dǎo)，而置于句末時，as和which都行。

[考例6] ＿＿＿＿ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month．(nmet 2001)牘

a．it b．a(chǎn)s鶦．that鶧．what煩

[簡析]牰漢瘧礱魑非限制性定語從句。選b。

[考例7] ＿＿＿＿ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing．

a．which鶥．a(chǎn)s鶦．that鶧．it煩(上海’99)牑煩

[簡析]牬鳶肝狟。與考例6同理。

定語從句（5）---介詞+關(guān)系詞

1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。 2）that前不能有介詞。 3）某些在從句中充當時間，點或原因狀語的“介詞+關(guān)系詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。

this is the house in which i lived two years ago.

=this is the house where i lived two years ago.

do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

=do you remember the day when you joined our club?

定語從句（6）--as, which 非限定性定語從句

由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。as一般放在句首，也可以放在句中或句末， as 的這種用法通常出現(xiàn)在一些固定短語之中如：

1．a(chǎn)s has been said before 如上所述

2．a(chǎn)s may be imagined正如可以想象出來的那樣

3．a(chǎn)s is well known 眾所周知

4．a(chǎn)s was expected正如預(yù)料的那樣

5．a(chǎn)s has been already pointed out正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣

6．a(chǎn)s we all can see 正如我們都會看到的那樣；

而which只放在句中。

as we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.

this elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.

the sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

典型例題

1）alice received an invitation from her boss, ___ came as a surprise.

a. it b. that c. which鶧。 he

答案c. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。

2）the weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

a. what鶥。 which鶦。 that鶧。 it

答案b。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。that 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。

3）it rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..

a. that鶥。 which鶦。 as d. it

和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點：

(1） as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。

2） as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，具有描述性的特點，如，“在這一點上” 或“正如…..”；而which表結(jié)果，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞用which.。

在本題中，正因為rained hard， 才造后面的結(jié)果，所以正確選項應(yīng)為b。

as 的用法：

same… as；such…as; as / so…as…中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu)， 和……一樣……。as既可指人，也可指物，常在限制性定語從句中充當主、賓、表語。as引導(dǎo)的定語從句的先行詞前面常有as ／such ／the same等修飾詞。還要注意區(qū)分下列兩個詞組：

1．“such．．．that．．．”表“如此……以致……”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)一個結(jié)果狀語從句；而“such．．．a(chǎn)s．．．”表“像……這（那）樣”的意思，用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，as在定語從句中充當主、賓、表語等。試比較下列兩個句子：

①he is such an honest man that we respect him.

他是一個如此誠實的人以致我們都尊敬他。

② he is such an honest man as we respect．他像我們所尊敬的那種誠實的人。

2．“the same．．．that．．．”表同一人或物，而“the same．．．a(chǎn)s．．．”表同種類的東西。試比較下列兩個句子：①this is the same book that i lost．這就是我丟失的那一本書。（指同一本書）②this is the same book as i lost．我丟失的那一本書一模一樣。（并不是原來的那一本）

例如：

he is as brave a man as ever lived．他是世界上最勇敢的人。

dont read such books as are not worth reading．不要讀那些不值得讀的書。

i have got into the same trouble as he (has).

the film is so good as we saw last night.(as 作saw 的賓語)

film is so good that we moved to tears.(that是連詞，不作句子成分，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)

last night we saw such a good film as we had expected.(as作expected的賓語)

night we saw such a good film that we thought it’s worth seeing again. (that是連詞，不作句子成分，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句)

例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有正如。

as we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.

as is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.

as是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。

定語從句（7）

1.先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一

1)whoever spits in public will be punished here.

(whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)

2)the parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.

(what 可以用all that代替)

2. what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever

1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything

what you want has been sent here.

whatever you want makes no difference to me.

2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who

（錯）who breaks the law will be punished.

（錯）whoever robbed the bank is not clear.

（對）whoever breaks the law will be punished.

（對）who robbed the bank is not clear.

3) that 和 what

當that引導(dǎo)定語從句時 ，通常用作關(guān)系代詞，而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時，是個不充當任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that?？墒÷?。what只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句， 用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。

i think (that) you will like the stamps.

what we need is more practice.

定語從句（8）―――二個特殊關(guān)系代詞的用法

but，than作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時，“特殊”在哪里？請關(guān)注本文。

1．but既可指人，也可指物，常在定語從句中充當主語。but本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相當于“that ／which ／who．．．not”。它前面的主句通常有“否定”的詞（如：no，not， little，few，hardly等）。but引導(dǎo)的肯定定語從句和否定的主句連用，達到強烈肯定的修飾效果。例如：鶷here is no mother but loves her own children．（＝there is no mother that／who does not love her own children．）沒有不愛自己孩子的母親。

2．than既可指人，也可指物，可作關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句。than前通常有表比較的詞。例如：鶩ewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party．來參加晚會的朋友比我們預(yù)料的還要少。

定語從句（9）定語從句中的主謂一致

引導(dǎo)詞在定語從句中作主語時，其謂語動詞人稱和數(shù)要根據(jù)引導(dǎo)詞所指內(nèi)容而定。例如：here are such sentences as are often used by the students. ( as指代sentences，謂語動詞用are)。i, who am a party member, should work hard for our country.( who指代i, 謂語用am.)。

he was one of the students who were praised for it. ( who指代the students)

他是被表揚的學(xué)生之一。

he was the only one of the students who was praised for it. ( who 指the only one)

他是唯一被表揚的學(xué)生。

pa:易與定語從句混淆的其他復(fù)合句

1.定語從句與同位語從句

定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系“。。。的（名詞）”。而同位語從句是用來說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表事實或概念的抽象名詞，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定語從句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位語從句中不充當任何句子成分，只起連接作用。試比較：

1)we all have heard the news that our team won. (同位語從句，that從句表示news的內(nèi)容，that 在從句中不作任何成分)

2)we don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.(定語從句，that 作told 的賓語)

2.定語從句與狀語從句。試比較：

1)he left the key where he had been an hour before.

(where引導(dǎo)地點狀語從句，相當于in the place where)

2)he left the place where he lived for many years.

(where 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾the place)

3)he is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.

(as 引導(dǎo)定語從句)

4)he is such a good teacher that we all like him.

(that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，such…that… “如此…以致…”)

3． 定語從句與主語從句。試比較：

1) as is known to us all, paper was first made in china.

(as 引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代整個主句內(nèi)容，可置于句首)

2) it is known to us all that paper was first made in china.

(it 做形式主語，代替that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句)

is known to us is that paper was first made in china.

4．定語從句與強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。試比較：

1)it is the house where i met the young man.

(where 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾house，where在定語從句中作地點狀語)

2)it was in the house that i met the young man.

(本句為強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，可還原為i met the young man in the house.)

下面咱們一起來分析幾道定語從句的難題。

例1．it is the young man _______ looked for _______ caught the murderer.

a. that …who b. that …they c . they …that d they…which

分析：答案是c。本題考查了定語從句和強調(diào)句式。強調(diào)句式的結(jié)構(gòu)是“it is + 強調(diào)部分 + that/who….”。they looked for前省略了關(guān)系代詞that,因為先行詞the young man 在從句中做looked for的賓語。強調(diào)句為it is the young man who/that caught the murderer.本句意思是“是那個他們尋找的年輕人抓住了殺人犯”。

例2．is this factory _______ we visited last year?

a. where鶥 in which鶦 the one鶧 at which

分析：做這題首先要明白一個概念。被定語從句修飾的名詞前一般都有the，因為它已被限定。所以此題還原成陳述句應(yīng)該是this factory is______ we visited last year. 而不是this is factory ______ we visited last year.知道這一點后做題容易了，不能選a, b, d。因為句子沒有先行詞。所以答案是c。從句前省略了關(guān)系代詞that/which。題目如改為is this the factory ________we visited last year? 空格處應(yīng)該用which 或 that。

例3．the book, the cover _______ is broken, is not mine.

a. of it鶥 for鶦 whose鶧 of which

分析：答案是d。先行詞the book 代入從句應(yīng)該是 the cover of the book is broken.相當于whose cover。

例4．this is mr smith, _____ i think has something interesting to tell you.

a . who b whom c. that d. x

分析：此題同學(xué)們?nèi)菀族e選b，認為先行詞mr. smith做think 的賓語。i think , you think, do you think 等表明某人觀點的短語是插入語。插入語的特點是去掉不影響句子表達。所以做題時遇到插入語，先去掉，this is mr. smith, _______ has something interesting to tell you。很容易得到答案a.

例5．who _______ has seen the tv film doesn’t admire it?

a . that鶥 who鶦 which鶧 as

分析：先行詞是who，到是指人，可為了避免重復(fù)，不用who，而用能指代人的that。答案是a。

例6．you can never imagine what great trouble i have had ________ the patient who

received a serious wound.

a. treat b. to treat鶦 treating鶧 treated

分析：迷惑的答案是d，同學(xué)們?nèi)菀赘鶕?jù)had確定用過去分詞。而做好這題，關(guān)鍵是知道句型have trouble(difficult) doing sth 做某事有困難。定語從句部分是i have had (great trouble)treating the patient.而patient 后又有一個定語從句。答案是c。

例7．this is the last time _________ i shall give you a lesson.

a. when鶥 that c which d in which

分析：答案是b。這里的time不指時間，而是次數(shù)。所以用that引導(dǎo)。

例8．i don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her.

a . that b on which鶦 which d as

分析：此題先行詞是the way，用。。。方式的短語是in this way。所以定語從句應(yīng)該是in which you laugh at her。但習(xí)慣上也可說that you laugh at her?；蛘呤裁匆膊挥脃ou laugh at her。答案是 a。

專業(yè)英語翻譯方法與技巧 專業(yè)英語如何翻譯篇三

在所有的英語動詞時態(tài)中，使用最廣泛的莫過于一般現(xiàn)在時。無論是在科技文章、電影、話劇解說詞中，還是在表示命令、請求、懇求等句式中，都會用到一般現(xiàn)在時。當然，它的用法不僅僅局限于上述幾點，在很多方面都要用到它。下面我們談?wù)勂渲饕挠梅ā?/p>

一、表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作及人或物的一般特征。

這種用法不限定時間、動作或特征，可發(fā)生在任何時間，包括現(xiàn)在、過去和將來，表示動作及狀態(tài)的動詞以及助動詞都可用于這個時態(tài)。例如：

the moon goes around the earth. 月亮圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)。

a man cant live without water. 沒有水人就不能活。

autumn comes and its cool. 秋天到了，天氣涼爽了。

在上面的例句中，我們并沒有用任何時間狀語，但由于它們是反復(fù)的動作或狀態(tài)，或者是事物本身存在的特征，所以要用一般現(xiàn)在時。當然，如果句子中有表示頻度的副詞或副詞短語時（如：never，hardly，sometimes，often，always，usually，in spring，on weekends等），更要用這種時態(tài)了。例如：

we always have three meals a day. 我們通常一天吃三頓飯。

sometimes they go traveling after christmas. 他們有時候在圣誕節(jié)過后去旅游。

二、表示命令、請求等。

在這種句子中，主語you通常都不說出來，這也是我們常說的祈使句。例如：

sit down， please. 請坐下。

dont look out of the window in class. 上課時別往窗外看。

open your mouth and show me your tongue. 把嘴張開讓我看看你的舌頭。

當為引起對方的注意或重視時，you也可以使用。例如：

you go to the train station and i look after the patient here. 你去火車站，我在這里照顧病人。

三、常用在劇本中描寫角色的動作，或者是圖片、照片、連環(huán)畫和卡通片中的解說詞。例如：

its dark. three soldiers walk to a village. 天很黑，三個士兵向一個村莊走去。

its a quarter to twelve and his light is still on. 差一刻就十二點鐘了，他的燈還亮著。

一般現(xiàn)在時還有其它一些用法，但限于大家并沒有涉及到其它用法，這里就不再講述了。

緊跟“現(xiàn)在時”

根據(jù)所給的漢語句子，用動詞的適當形式填空。

1. 長城總是有很多參觀者。

there______(be) always a lot of visitors on the great wall.

2. 頭痛使得他經(jīng)常住院。

a headache often______(make) him be in hospital.

3. 我們常在周末去看電影。

we often______(go) to the cinema on weekends.

4. 春暖花開。

spring______(come) and flowers______(come) out.

5. 你們在幾點鐘吃晚飯？

what time______you______( have) supper?

參考答案：1. are 2. makes 3. go 4. comes, come 5. do, have

專業(yè)英語翻譯方法與技巧 專業(yè)英語如何翻譯篇四

同步知識講與練

一、重點單詞

1. accustomed adj.通常的，習(xí)慣的， 按照風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的

例1 her accustomed smile makes her popular in the company. 她慣常的微笑使她在公司很受歡迎。

[拓展] be/become accustomed to=be used to習(xí)慣于某事

例2 the little boy is accustomed to hard work at his stepmother’s home. 在繼母家里小男孩已習(xí)慣了干累活。

例3 i’m not accustomed to getting up so early to do morning exercise. 我不習(xí)慣這么早起床進行晨練。

[考題例析] the family moved to the south from the north years ago, and now they are _____to hot and wet weather.

a. suitable b. accustomed

c. familiar d. agreeable

解析 選b suitable 適合的；agreeable使人愉快的， 愜意的， 適合的； familiar熟悉的。根據(jù)前半句 “從北方移居到南方數(shù)年”，可推測是習(xí)慣了南方的天氣。所以用b最合乎題意。

2. add vt. 增加， 添加， 計算……總和， 補充說， 又說vi. 加， 加起來， 增添， 做加法

例4 i should like to add that we are pleased with the test result. 我還要補充說一下，我們對測試結(jié)果表示滿意。

[拓展] add up加算，合計；合乎情理，合情合理；add up to 總計為，總數(shù)達；add to增添

例5 he wrote down the weight of each stone and then added up all the weights.他把每一塊石頭的重量記下來，然后把所有的重量加在一起。

例6 the various facts in their report just don’t add up. 他們報告中的各方面材料根本串不起來。

[考題例析] please ____ the numbers and i’m sure they will ____ more than 1000.

a. add up; add b. add up; add up

c. add up; add up to d. add; add up

解析 選c 根據(jù)題意，第一空為“將數(shù)字相加”，用add或add up都可以；第二空顯然是得出的總數(shù)，應(yīng)選用add up to“加起來”。

3. proper adj. 適當?shù)腵, 正確的，正當?shù)?/p>

例7 you aren’t wearing proper clothes for this hot weather. 這么熱的天氣，你穿的衣服不合適。

[派生] properly adv.適當?shù)?；正確地

例8 you haven’t done the job properly， you’ll have to do it again. 你沒有做對這件工作，你得重做。

[考題例析] i don’t think the boy is too small to look after the dog ____.

a. correctly b. exactly

c. properly d. accurately

解析 選c correctly, exactly, accurately三個選項的意思都強調(diào) “準確無誤地”，properly強調(diào)適當。

4. admit許可進入，準許進入；容納， 容許；承認；供認

例9 this ticket admits two people to the football match. 這張票可供兩人入場看足球賽。

例10 he never admits that he is wrong.他從不承認自己錯了。

【辨析】 admit, acknow

專業(yè)英語翻譯方法與技巧 專業(yè)英語如何翻譯篇五

語音知識講與練

近年來，中考英語試題，對語音知識的測試越來越熱門，其內(nèi)容主要包括音 素、重音和語調(diào)三個方面。下 面將分別給予介紹：

一、音素：所考查的內(nèi)容主要包括元音音素和輔音音素（共四十八個），因 涉及面較廣，不再詳述。（后 附近幾年所考查音素的主要題型。）

二、重音：重音可分為單詞重音和句子重音兩種。

1.單詞重音：英語單詞由于音節(jié)的數(shù)量不一，就出現(xiàn)了讀起來有輕有重的現(xiàn) 象。一般地，每個單詞都有一 個音節(jié)是重讀的，稱重讀音節(jié)；其余的音節(jié)不重 讀，稱非重讀音節(jié)。但有的多音節(jié)詞，除了一個重讀音節(jié)之外 ，還有一個次重 讀音節(jié)。重讀音節(jié)的符號是：“′”，次重讀音節(jié)的符號是：“＠①”。單音節(jié) 必須重讀，不 標符號。

例：name[neim] letter[′let＠②] information[＠①inf＠②′mei∫＠ ②n]

那么單詞重讀有無規(guī)則可循？回答是肯定的。單詞重讀的規(guī)則一般是：

①單音節(jié)詞均重讀。例：beg[beg]，put[put]

②雙音節(jié)詞一般第一個音節(jié)重讀。

例：doctor[′d＠③kt＠②] better[′bet＠②] apple[′aepl]但是如有 前綴a-,be-,re-, dis-, mis-, de-等雙音節(jié)詞，則第二個音節(jié)重讀。

例：about[＠②′baut]，again[＠②′gen]，address[＠②′dres]， beside[bi′said]，report[ri′p ＠③:t]，mistake[mis′teik]， decide[di′said]

另外，雙音節(jié)詞的合成詞，一般第一個音節(jié)重讀。例：blackboard[′blaekb ＠③:d]、homework[′h＠② umw＠②:k]但也有兩音節(jié)均重讀的：

′four′teen、′ un ′fair、′hel′lo、′up′stairs、 ′down′s tairs、 ′un′touched、 ′out′side、′chi′nese、′nine′teen等。

③多音節(jié)詞一般是倒數(shù)第三個音節(jié)重讀。

例：wonderful[′wnd＠①ful]，immediately[i′mi:dj＠②tli]， interested[′intristid]

但雙音節(jié)詞加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成的多音節(jié)詞，仍按原來的詞根重音來讀。 例：con′ductor，′carefully，dis′cover，as′sistant等。

④-ic，-tion，-sion之前的音節(jié)要重讀。

例：′question，ope′ration，compo′sition，′topic，de ′cision。 為了幫助初三學(xué)生更好地記憶、朗讀單詞，正確地辨音，畢業(yè)復(fù)習(xí)時我把初 中全部單詞按重音歸納出來。 單音節(jié)詞一般本身就重讀。如：bag，desk等。 雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞一般重音在第一個音節(jié)上。 如：′presen t′vegetable 等。現(xiàn)著重歸納出重音位置較特殊的單詞，這樣有利于學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)。實踐證明，效 果甚好。

（一）重音在第二個音節(jié)上的單詞：

about agree across already among

above address afraid again ago

along alone another around away

arrive australia australian america american

because before below become became

begin beginning behind beside between

banana computer canadian conductor decide

develop dictation delicious december enjoyable

example exam except excuse expensive

eraser eleven enough forgetful forget

goodbye herself himself hooray important

instruction invent invention inventor idea

inside instead itself july japan

machine museum november oclock october

prefer produce polite politely policeman

potato perhaps receive result return

remember report september surprise tomato

tonight together toronto toward tomorrow

today themselves unusual until unhappy

united without yourself yourselves

（二）兩個重讀音節(jié)的詞：ok fifteen fourteen thirteen sixteen seventeen eight een nineteen afternoon chinese southeast southwest unlike northeast northwest outside untrue upstairs lordspeaker headmaster headteacher downstairs retell tv

（三）前有一個次重讀音節(jié)，后又有一個重讀音節(jié)的單詞：

japanese understand understood operation ourselvespopulation education examination congrat ulation

2.句子重音：句子重音，即句子中某些單詞需要重讀。一般地，句中的名詞、 動詞（助動詞和be有時例外 ）、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞和感嘆詞需重讀；代詞（指 示代詞、疑問代詞例外）、介詞、冠詞和連詞不需要重讀 。

例：′this is a ′book. its ′red. ′sit′down. 動詞be的各種形式均不重讀，但在句末出現(xiàn)時，一般要重讀。

is ′that a′book?′yes,it′is.

另外，be的否定形式一定重讀?！鋘o,it′isnt. 單音節(jié)介詞一般不重讀，而雙音節(jié)介詞一般重讀。例：its on the ′table. its ′beside the ′tab

le.

所有的句子是否都根據(jù)此規(guī)則去做就可以了呢？不行，還要根據(jù)具體的語言 環(huán)境分析對待。如上句中使用 過的詞，下句中緊接著再出現(xiàn)而不強調(diào)時，一般 不重讀。下面略舉幾例

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